Transport-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence From Belt and Road

The conundrum of how to balance economic growth with transportation carbon abatement has never been more vital for the Belt and Road countries. This study analyzes Transport-Environmental Kuznets Curve nexus explores heterogeneity using fixed-effect estimation panel data from 1981 2020 in 64 findings indicate that there is an N-shaped between transport emissions growth. environmental rebound effects some countries are solidified different perspectives show a diamond-shaped lock-in feature. Moreover, most still “climbing” stage struggling reconcile reducing emissions. These conclusions have constructive policy implications at various stages “climbing,”“nearing or crossing top,”“heading downhill,” “rebounding” advance green transformation strategy.